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Linux基础教程 第17课：自动化运维工具
浏览量：32 次 发布时间：2026-01-23 19:48 作者：明扬工控商城 下载docx
好的，我们继续第十七课。今天学习Linux自动化运维工具，重点介绍Ansible、Puppet和Chef。
第一部分：自动化运维概述
1.1 为什么需要自动化运维？
一致性：确保所有服务器配置一致
效率：批量部署和配置，节省时间
可重复：快速重建和恢复服务
版本控制：配置变更可追踪
减少人为错误
1.2 主流工具对比
特性 Ansible Puppet Chef
架构 无代理，SSH 主从/无主，有代理 主从/无主，有代理
配置语言 YAML 自定义DSL Ruby DSL
学习曲线 简单 中等 较陡
执行模式 推送 拉取 拉取
适用场景 中小型环境 大型企业 大型企业
社区 非常活跃 活跃 活跃
第二部分：Ansible
2.1 Ansible基础
Ansible是目前最流行的自动化工具，基于Python，无需在客户端安装代理。
bash
# 安装Ansible
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y ansible
# 验证安装
ansible --version
# 基础命令结构
ansible <pattern> -m <module_name> -a <arguments>
2.2 Ansible Inventory（清单）
Inventory定义要管理的服务器。
bash
# 创建Inventory文件
vim ~/ansible-inventory.ini
内容示例：
ini
# 按组组织服务器
[web_servers]
web1 ansible_host=192.168.1.101 ansible_user=ubuntu ansible_ssh_private_key_file=~/.ssh/id_rsa
web2 ansible_host=192.168.1.102 ansible_user=ubuntu ansible_ssh_private_key_file=~/.ssh/id_rsa
[db_servers]
db1 ansible_host=192.168.1.201 ansible_user=ubuntu ansible_ssh_private_key_file=~/.ssh/id_rsa
[load_balancers]
lb1 ansible_host=192.168.1.100 ansible_user=ubuntu ansible_ssh_private_key_file=~/.ssh/id_rsa
# 组变量
[web_servers:vars]
http_port=80
max_clients=200
# 嵌套组
[production:children]
web_servers
db_servers
load_balancers
2.3 Ansible Ad-hoc命令
bash
# 测试连接
ansible all -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -m ping
# 在所有服务器上执行命令
ansible all -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -a "uptime"
# 在特定组执行命令
ansible web_servers -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -a "free -h"
# 使用模块管理包
ansible web_servers -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -m apt -a "name=nginx state=present" --become
# 管理服务
ansible web_servers -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -m systemd -a "name=nginx state=started" --become
# 复制文件
ansible web_servers -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -m copy -a "src=/local/file dest=/remote/file" --become
# 获取信息
ansible all -i ~/ansible-inventory.ini -m setup | less
2.4 Ansible Playbook基础
Playbook是Ansible的核心，使用YAML格式。
yaml
# nginx-install.yml
---
- name: Install and configure Nginx
hosts: web_servers
become: yes
vars:
nginx_version: "1.18.0"
worker_processes: "auto"
worker_connections: 1024
tasks:
- name: Update apt cache
apt:
update_cache: yes
cache_valid_time: 3600
- name: Install Nginx
apt:
name: nginx
state: present
force_apt_get: yes
- name: Configure Nginx
template:
src: nginx.conf.j2
dest: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
mode: '0644'
notify:
- restart nginx
- name: Ensure Nginx is running
systemd:
name: nginx
state: started
enabled: yes
handlers:
- name: restart nginx
systemd:
name: nginx
state: restarted
2.5 Jinja2模板
jinja2
# nginx.conf.j2
user www-data;
worker_processes {{ worker_processes }};
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections {{ worker_connections }};
multi_accept off;
}
http {
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
2.6 运行Playbook
bash
# 语法检查
ansible-playbook nginx-install.yml --syntax-check
# 试运行（不实际执行）
ansible-playbook nginx-install.yml --check
# 详细输出
ansible-playbook nginx-install.yml -vvv
# 只执行特定标签
ansible-playbook nginx-install.yml --tags "nginx"
# 跳过特定标签
ansible-playbook nginx-install.yml --skip-tags "nginx"
2.7 Ansible Roles
Roles是Playbook的模块化组织方式。
bash
# 创建Role结构
ansible-galaxy init nginx-role
tree nginx-role/
text
nginx-role/
├── defaults
│ └── main.yml # 默认变量（优先级最低）
├── files # 静态文件
├── handlers
│ └── main.yml # 处理器
├── meta
│ └── main.yml # 角色元数据
├── README.md
├── tasks
│ └── main.yml # 主任务列表
├── templates # 模板文件
├── tests
│ ├── inventory
│ └── test.yml
└── vars
└── main.yml # 角色变量（优先级高）
yaml
# nginx-role/tasks/main.yml
---
- name: Install Nginx
apt:
name: nginx
state: present
- name: Configure Nginx
template:
src: nginx.conf.j2
dest: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
notify: restart nginx
- name: Start Nginx
systemd:
name: nginx
state: started
enabled: yes
2.8 Ansible Vault加密
bash
# 创建加密文件
ansible-vault create secrets.yml
# 编辑加密文件
ansible-vault edit secrets.yml
# 加密现有文件
ansible-vault encrypt secrets.yml
# 解密文件
ansible-vault decrypt secrets.yml
# 运行使用加密文件的Playbook
ansible-playbook site.yml --ask-vault-pass
ansible-playbook site.yml --vault-password-file ~/.vault_pass.txt
第三部分：Puppet
3.1 Puppet基础
Puppet使用主从架构，使用自己的声明式语言。
bash
# 安装Puppet Agent
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y puppet-agent
# 验证安装
puppet --version
3.2 Puppet配置
bash
# 配置Puppet Agent
sudo vim /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/puppet.conf
ini
[main]
server = puppet-master.example.com
certname = web1.example.com
environment = production
runinterval = 30m
[agent]
report = true
pluginsync = true
3.3 Puppet Manifest基础
puppet
# /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/manifests/site.pp
node 'web1.example.com' {
# 安装Nginx
package { 'nginx':
ensure => installed,
}
# 配置文件
file { '/etc/nginx/nginx.conf':
ensure => file,
content => template('nginx/nginx.conf.erb'),
owner => 'root',
group => 'root',
mode => '0644',
require => Package['nginx'],
notify => Service['nginx'],
}
# 管理服务
service { 'nginx':
ensure => running,
enable => true,
hasstatus => true,
hasrestart => true,
}
# 用户管理
user { 'webadmin':
ensure => present,
uid => '1001',
gid => '1001',
shell => '/bin/bash',
home => '/home/webadmin',
managehome => true,
}
# 文件权限
file { '/var/www/html':
ensure => directory,
owner => 'www-data',
group => 'www-data',
mode => '0755',
}
}
3.4 Puppet模板
erb
# nginx/nginx.conf.erb
user www-data;
worker_processes <%= @processorcount %>;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 768;
}
http {
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
3.5 Puppet模块
bash
# 创建模块结构
cd /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/modules
puppet module generate user-nginx
模块结构：
text
nginx/
├── manifests
│ ├── init.pp
│ ├── install.pp
│ ├── config.pp
│ └── service.pp
├── templates
│ └── nginx.conf.erb
├── files
├── spec
└── README.md
3.6 Puppet运行
bash
# 测试配置
puppet parser validate /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/manifests/site.pp
# 手动运行Puppet Agent
sudo puppet agent --test
# 查看Puppet运行状态
sudo puppet resource service puppet
# 启用Puppet服务（定期运行）
sudo systemctl enable puppet
sudo systemctl start puppet
第四部分：Chef
4.1 Chef基础
Chef使用Ruby DSL，包含三个组件：Workstation、Server、Nodes。
bash
# 安装Chef Workstation
wget https://packages.chef.io/files/stable/chef-workstation/23.10.1038/ubuntu/20.04/chef-workstation_23.10.1038-1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i chef-workstation_*.deb
# 验证安装
chef --version
4.2 Chef配置
bash
# 初始化Chef Repo
chef generate repo chef-repo
cd chef-repo
# 配置knife（Chef命令行工具）
vim .chef/config.rb
ruby
current_dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
log_level :info
log_location STDOUT
node_name "admin"
client_key "#{current_dir}/admin.pem"
chef_server_url "https://chef-server/organizations/myorg"
cookbook_path ["#{current_dir}/../cookbooks"]
4.3 Chef Cookbook
bash
# 创建Cookbook
chef generate cookbook nginx
cd cookbooks/nginx
ruby
# recipes/default.rb
package 'nginx' do
action :install
end
template '/etc/nginx/nginx.conf' do
source 'nginx.conf.erb'
owner 'root'
group 'root'
mode '0644'
variables({
worker_processes: node['cpu']['total'],
worker_connections: 1024
})
notifies :restart, 'service[nginx]'
end
service 'nginx' do
action [:enable, :start]
supports restart: true, reload: true
end
# 创建用户
user 'webadmin' do
comment 'Web Administrator'
uid '1001'
gid '1001'
home '/home/webadmin'
shell '/bin/bash'
manage_home true
end
# 创建目录
directory '/var/www/html' do
owner 'www-data'
group 'www-data'
mode '0755'
action :create
end
4.4 Chef模板
erb
# templates/default/nginx.conf.erb
user www-data;
worker_processes <%= @worker_processes %>;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections <%= @worker_connections %>;
}
http {
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
4.5 Chef运行
bash
# 测试Cookbook语法
foodcritic .
cookstyle .
# 使用Test Kitchen测试
kitchen list
kitchen converge
kitchen verify
kitchen destroy
# 上传Cookbook到Chef Server
knife cookbook upload nginx
# Bootstrap节点（初始化Chef Agent）
knife bootstrap node1.example.com -N node1 -x root --sudo
第五部分：综合对比和实战
5.1 场景对比：部署Nginx集群
Ansible方案：
yaml
# cluster-deploy.yml
---
- name: Deploy Nginx Cluster
hosts: all
become: yes
vars:
nginx_servers:
- { name: "web1", ip: "192.168.1.101" }
- { name: "web2", ip: "192.168.1.102" }
tasks:
- name: Install Nginx
apt:
name: nginx
state: present
- name: Create load balancer config
template:
src: lb.conf.j2
dest: /etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf
- name: Start Nginx
systemd:
name: nginx
state: started
Puppet方案：
puppet
# nginx_cluster.pp
class nginx_cluster {
package { 'nginx':
ensure => installed,
}
file { '/etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf':
ensure => file,
content => template('nginx/lb.conf.erb'),
require => Package['nginx'],
notify => Service['nginx'],
}
service { 'nginx':
ensure => running,
enable => true,
}
}
node /^web[0-9]+\.example\.com$/ {
include nginx_cluster
}
Chef方案：
ruby
# recipes/cluster.rb
nginx_servers = [
{ name: 'web1', ip: '192.168.1.101' },
{ name: 'web2', ip: '192.168.1.102' }
]
package 'nginx'
template '/etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf' do
source 'lb.conf.erb'
variables(servers: nginx_servers)
notifies :restart, 'service[nginx]'
end
service 'nginx' do
action [:enable, :start]
end
5.2 性能对比测试
bash
# Ansible性能测试
time ansible-playbook -i inventory.ini deploy.yml
# Puppet性能测试
time puppet apply site.pp
# Chef性能测试
time chef-client -z -o 'recipe[nginx]'
# 比较指标：
# 1. 执行时间
# 2. 资源占用
# 3. 网络带宽
# 4. 扩展性
5.3 自动化运维最佳实践
版本控制一切
bash
# 使用Git管理配置
git init
git add .
git commit -m "Initial automation config"
测试驱动开发
bash
# Ansible测试
ansible-lint playbook.yml
molecule test
# Puppet测试
puppet parser validate
rspec-puppet
# Chef测试
foodcritic
chefspec
持续集成/持续部署
yaml
# .gitlab-ci.yml示例
stages:
- test
- deploy
ansible_test:
stage: test
script:
- ansible-lint
- ansible-playbook --check
puppet_test:
stage: test
script:
- puppet parser validate
- puppet-lint
deploy_production:
stage: deploy
script:
- ansible-playbook -i production deploy.yml
when: manual
第六部分：实际项目演练
项目1：使用Ansible部署完整LAMP栈
yaml
# lamp-stack.yml
---
- name: Deploy LAMP Stack
hosts: web_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Install Apache
apt:
name: apache2
state: present
- name: Install MySQL
apt:
name: mysql-server
state: present
- name: Install PHP
apt:
name:
- php
- php-mysql
- libapache2-mod-php
state: present
- name: Configure MySQL
mysql_user:
name: webapp
password: "{{ mysql_password }}"
priv: "*.*:ALL"
state: present
- name: Deploy application
git:
repo: https://github.com/example/webapp.git
dest: /var/www/html
version: master
- name: Configure Apache
template:
src: apache.conf.j2
dest: /etc/apache2/sites-available/webapp.conf
notify: restart apache
- name: Enable site
command: a2ensite webapp.conf
notify: restart apache
handlers:
- name: restart apache
systemd:
name: apache2
state: restarted
项目2：使用Puppet管理多环境
puppet
# environments.pp
node /^web-\d+\.dev\.example\.com$/ {
$environment = 'development'
include base_config
include nginx
include php
}
node /^web-\d+\.stg\.example\.com$/ {
$environment = 'staging'
include base_config
include nginx
include php
include monitoring
}
node /^web-\d+\.prod\.example\.com$/ {
$environment = 'production'
include base_config
include nginx
include php
include monitoring
include security_hardening
}
# 使用Hiera进行数据分离
# hiera.yaml
---
version: 5
defaults:
datadir: data
data_hash: yaml_data
hierarchy:
- name: "Per-node data"
path: "nodes/%{trusted.certname}.yaml"
- name: "Per-environment data"
path: "environments/%{environment}.yaml"
- name: "Common data"
path: "common.yaml"
项目3：使用Chef实现蓝绿部署
ruby
# recipes/blue_green.rb
# 蓝绿部署实现
# 确定当前颜色
current_color = node['deployment']['current_color'] || 'blue'
next_color = current_color == 'blue' ? 'green' : 'blue'
# 部署新版本到下一个颜色组
web_app "myapp-#{next_color}" do
version node['app_version']
port next_color == 'blue' ? 8080 : 8081
action :deploy
end
# 测试新版本
http_request "test-#{next_color}" do
url "http://localhost:#{next_color == 'blue' ? 8080 : 8081}/health"
action :get
end
# 切换负载均衡器配置
template '/etc/nginx/conf.d/myapp.conf' do
source 'myapp.conf.erb'
variables(
backend_port: next_color == 'blue' ? 8080 : 8081
)
notifies :reload, 'service[nginx]'
end
# 更新当前颜色
node.normal['deployment']['current_color'] = next_color
第七部分：监控和日志
7.1 集成监控工具
Ansible + Prometheus:
yaml
# prometheus.yml
- name: Deploy Prometheus monitoring
hosts: monitoring_servers
tasks:
- name: Install Prometheus
apt:
name: prometheus
state: present
- name: Configure Prometheus
template:
src: prometheus.yml.j2
dest: /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
notify: restart prometheus
- name: Install Node Exporter on all nodes
hosts: all
tasks:
- name: Install node_exporter
apt:
name: prometheus-node-exporter
state: present
Puppet + Grafana:
puppet
class grafana_dashboard {
package { 'grafana':
ensure => installed,
}
file { '/etc/grafana/provisioning/dashboards/dashboard.yml':
ensure => file,
content => template('grafana/dashboard.yml.erb'),
notify => Service['grafana'],
}
service { 'grafana':
ensure => running,
enable => true,
}
}
7.2 日志集中管理
使用Ansible部署ELK栈：
yaml
- name: Deploy ELK Stack
hosts: elk_servers
tasks:
- name: Install Elasticsearch
apt:
name: elasticsearch
state: present
- name: Install Logstash
apt:
name: logstash
state: present
- name: Install Kibana
apt:
name: kibana
state: present
- name: Configure log forwarding on all servers
hosts: all
tasks:
- name: Install filebeat
apt:
name: filebeat
state: present
- name: Configure filebeat
template:
src: filebeat.yml.j2
dest: /etc/filebeat/filebeat.yml
notify: restart filebeat
第八部分：安全实践
8.1 安全加固自动化
Ansible安全基线：
yaml
# security-hardening.yml
- name: Apply security hardening
hosts: all
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Update all packages
apt:
upgrade: dist
update_cache: yes
- name: Configure firewall
ufw:
rule: allow
port: "{{ item }}"
proto: tcp
loop:
- 22
- 80
- 443
- name: Disable root SSH login
lineinfile:
path: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
regexp: '^PermitRootLogin'
line: 'PermitRootLogin no'
notify: restart ssh
- name: Configure password policy
pam_limits:
domain: '*'
limit_type: hard
limit_item: maxlogins
value: 3
- name: Install and configure fail2ban
apt:
name: fail2ban
state: present
- name: Configure fail2ban
template:
src: jail.local.j2
dest: /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
notify: restart fail2ban
8.2 密钥和密码管理
使用Ansible Vault：
bash
# 创建加密变量文件
ansible-vault create group_vars/all/vault.yml
# 内容示例：
---
database_password: !vault |
$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256
66386439653236343062323439626161366262363430653235623134323433623438326531356435
3130343865353038633938656135393935643061393864330a626438346162623434353464323638
34396230633861356163333839653663346663386438373439623339613764356432373762333164
6566646330326639340a336136626566396263666365353562303961323662626663633965386464
6330
api_key: !vault |
$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256
34643262376332613763386161636532326536633861393033396361363631303730366332613638
3639303363633534343836363535326663306538336437320a363532363339386262306339313764
61316161396530393930666263343930313862633462376530366231386533313765373361356161
3633326533376331610a393763373466366165643637323532396133323230626530333230383039
3532
第九部分：练习项目
项目1：构建自动化部署流水线
使用Ansible部署Jenkins
配置Jenkins Pipeline
集成Git仓库
实现自动化测试和部署
项目2：多云环境管理
使用Terraform在AWS/Azure创建基础设施
使用Ansible配置服务器
实现跨云平台的统一管理
配置监控和告警
项目3：容器化应用自动化
使用Ansible部署Kubernetes集群
创建Docker镜像构建流水线
使用Helm部署应用
配置自动扩缩容
项目4：灾难恢复自动化
设计备份策略
创建自动化恢复脚本
定期测试恢复流程
文档化和演练
第十部分：进阶主题
10.1 Ansible高级特性
yaml
# 动态Inventory
- name: Use AWS dynamic inventory
hosts: tag_Environment_Production
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: List EC2 instances
ec2_instance_facts:
region: us-east-1
register: ec2_info
# 异步任务
- name: Long running task
command: /usr/bin/long_running_operation
async: 1200 # 最多运行20分钟
poll: 30 # 每30秒检查一次
# 错误处理
- name: Try something that might fail
command: /bin/false
ignore_errors: yes
register: result
- name: Handle failure
debug:
msg: "Task failed, but we're continuing"
when: result.failed
# 条件执行
- name: Install package only if needed
apt:
name: nginx
state: present
when: ansible_os_family == "Debian"
10.2 Puppet高级模式
puppet
# 定义类型
define web::virtual_host(
$port = 80,
$docroot = "/var/www/${name}",
$ssl = false,
) {
file { "/etc/nginx/sites-available/${name}":
ensure => file,
content => template('web/virtual_host.conf.erb'),
notify => Service['nginx'],
}
file { "/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/${name}":
ensure => link,
target => "/etc/nginx/sites-available/${name}",
notify => Service['nginx'],
}
}
# 使用定义的类型
web::virtual_host { 'example.com':
port => 80,
docroot => '/var/www/example',
ssl => false,
}
# 资源收集
File <<| tag == 'webconfig' |>>
10.3 Chef自定义资源
ruby
# 自定义资源
resource_name :custom_app
property :name, String, name_property: true
property :version, String, required: true
property :port, Integer, default: 8080
action :install do
package new_resource.name do
version new_resource.version
end
template "/etc/#{new_resource.name}/config.conf" do
source 'config.conf.erb'
variables(port: new_resource.port)
end
end
# 使用自定义资源
custom_app 'myapp' do
version '1.0.0'
port 8080
end
今日总结
今天我们学习了三种主流的自动化运维工具：
Ansible：
无代理架构，简单易用
YAML语法，学习成本低
适合中小型环境
强大的模块生态系统
Puppet：
声明式配置语言
成熟稳定，适合企业环境
主从架构，适合大规模部署
强大的资源抽象能力
Chef：
基于Ruby DSL，灵活强大
适合开发团队
基础设施即代码理念
测试驱动开发支持
选择建议：
新手/中小项目：从Ansible开始
大型企业/已有经验：考虑Puppet或Chef
开发团队/Ruby背景：Chef可能是更好的选择
混合环境：Ansible的多平台支持更好
最佳实践：
从简单开始，逐步复杂化
版本控制所有配置
编写测试和验证
文档化一切
定期回顾和优化
自动化运维是现代IT基础设施的基石。掌握这些工具将大大提高你的效率和系统的可靠性。
有问题吗？完成练习项目后，我们可以继续第十八课：Linux云计算基础。
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Linux基础教程 第17课：自动化运维工具.docx
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